Induction heating gives the same result again and again. Higher quality. Less waste.

Induction heating - an introduction

Induction heating is a flame-free, fast, clean, energy-efficient, and non-polluting form of heating that can be used to heat metals or change the properties of conductive material.

Induction heating equipment

Induction heating applications

Illustration av en induktionsspole som genererar ett elektromagnetiskt fält för induktionsvärmning, med riktningspilar som visar energiflödet.

This is how induction heating works

Alternating current flowing through a coil generates a magnetic field. The strength of the field varies in relation to the strength of the current passing through the coil. The field is concentrated in the area enclosed by the coil; while its magnitude depends on the strength of the current and the number of turns in the coil.

Illustration av virvelströmmar och elektromagnetiska fält inuti en metallcylinder under induktionsuppvärmning med en omgivande spole.

Eddy currents are induced in any electrically conductive object—a metal bar, for example—placed inside the coil. The phenomenon of resistance generates heat in the area where the eddy currents are flowing. Increasing the strength of the magnetic field increases the heating effect. However, the total heating effect is also influenced by the magnetic properties of the object and the distance between it and the coil.

Diagram som visar den exponentiella minskningen av virvelströmstäthet med avstånd från ytan, vilket illustrerar inträngningsdjup vid induktionsvärmning.

The eddy currents create their own magnetic field that opposes the original field produced by the coil. This opposition prevents the original field from immediately penetrating to the center of the object enclosed by the coil. The eddy currents are most active close to the surface of the object being heated, but weaken considerably in strength towards the center.

The distance from the surface of the heated object to the depth where current density drops to 37% is the penetration depth. This depth increases in correlation to decreases in frequency. It is therefore essential to select the correct frequency in order to achieve the desired penetration depth.

What are the benefits of induction heating?

The advantages over alternative technologies like an open flame or radiation are plenty.

Induction heating is:

Faster. The produced heat in induction heating is instant. It takes less than one second to achieve a uniform surface temperature of 1,000°C on small metal components.
More accurate. Just the right temperature is delivered, just where it’s needed to individual workpieces. And because of the range of frequencies available, to just the right depth. Heat distribution is precise, too. We can customize induction coils to suit practically any shape or size of workpiece. Customized coils ensure optimal heat patterns with minimum energy consumption.
More controllable. Transistorized converters and process control software give you complete control over the entire heating process. Ramp-up and dwell times can be pre-set and repeated as often as you want. Equipment can also feature in-built telemetry devices for remote diagnostics and off-site monitoring.
Repeatable. Induction heating lets you accurately repeat your desired heating cycle. (In fact, the produced heat from a frequency converter normally varies as little as 1-2%.) You can duplicate all the key parameters: temperature, penetration depth, heat pattern, speed-of-temperature increase, etc.
Cleaner, safer, and more compact. No gas. No open flames. No noticeable increase in ambient temperature. No excessive floor space occupied by ovens. All this makes induction heating superior to other alternatives, and, not to mention, more sustainable as well.

Comparison table showing induction heating outperforming furnace and flame heating across throughput, quality and cost criteria, with induction scoring 50 versus 30 for flame and 23 for furnace

Induction heating a part to glowing red temperature

Faster. Better. Cheaper.

The technical features of induction heating deliver three key benefits:

Improved throughput
Better and consistent quality
Reduced costs

Robotarmar som applicerar induktionslimning på bildörrar i en modern bilfabrik med hjälp av ENRX-teknik

Improved throughput

Integrating induction heating into the production line improves production efficiency. You cut lead times and speed up throughput. The heating process itself is faster than with open-flame and oven alternatives. Accurate repeatability means you get to be faster because you get it right the first time.

Närbild av kugghjul efter induktionsvärmning och härdning för överlägsen slitstyrka och hållbarhet

Better and consistent quality

Quality improves because you can apply pre-set temperatures to pre-set parts of individual workpieces. And, because induction coils are tailor-made for specific workpieces, you know, in advance, the delivered heat pattern. Also, precise heat delivery means any adjoining components and materials remain unharmed during the heating process.

Affärsproffs i ett mötesrum som representerar ENRX nyheter och pressmeddelanden

Reduced costs

Costs go down because of shorter lead times and increased throughput. Integrated in-line induction heating means lower administration and logistics costs. Production yields go up. Swift heat cycles, precise delivery and accurate repeatability minimize waste and scrap. Energy costs go down because you heat only what you need to heat—there are no costly heat losses as with conventional ovens. (ENRX frequency converters are particularly effective at lowering energy costs, as they have a proven higher efficiency and power factor than competing converters.) And, because induction heating lets you abandon hazardous gas and open flames, you can negotiate lower insurance premiums.

Induction technology for the widest range of applications

Induction heating is used in numerous industries worldwide. The technology of induction heating touches nearly all aspects of modern life.

A can of peaches, a cruise liner’s hull, a tub of yogurt, power station turbines, cables under the ground, pipelines under the waves, and countless trains, planes, and automobiles. What unites these different products is that induction heating is used to make them, maintain them, repair them, and recycle them. (In case the yogurt tub intrigues you, induction heating attaches the foil lid to the plastic container. As for canned peaches, induction heating helps coat the tin on the can’s inside so that conserved foods remain untainted.)
Every day, across every continent, induction heating is used to improve our lives. Just take the manufacture of an average family car for example. Induction is used for hardening camshafts, crankshafts, gears and steering parts. It bonds doors, boots and bonnets and joins the pipes in the air-conditioning system. Induction heating is used to make everything from faucets to spaceships. Simply put, induction heating solutions can be profitably used in virtually any industrial application that requires heat.

We think that's pretty amazing.

Brochure: Induction heating applications

Illustrerad översikt över olika industriella tillämpningar av ENRX induktionsvärmning, inklusive hårdlödning, härdning, krympförband, rörsvetsning, färghärdning, bultsträckning och andra tillverkningsprocesser.

Selecting the best induction heating solution

Just how efficient is induction heating? What frequencies are best suited to your applications? The guide below will give you some idea of the potential of induction. To learn more, just contact your nearest ENRX office or representative.

How much energy do you need?

Before calculating your energy requirements you first need to know:

The type of material (steel, copper, brass, etc.)
Workpiece dimensions
Desired hourly production
Desired final temperature

Calculate your energy requirements

Step 1 First determine the material’s energy absorption rate. Fig. 1 shows rates for some common materials.

Step 2 Multiply the energy absorption rate by your desired hourly production (kg/hour). The result is your specific power requirement.

Step 3 You can now ascertain the overall efficiency level of the induction equipment. Some typical induction heater efficiency levels for common materials are listed in Fig. 2. Divide the calculated specific power need by the equipment efficiency rate. This gives you the total power requirement.

Linjediagram som visar energiabsorption i kWh/kg vid temperaturer upp till 1600 °C för metaller inklusive aluminium, stål, koppar, nickel och magnesium, som används för att illustrera energibehovet vid induktionsvärmning hos ENRX

Fig 1. Energy absorption rate for different metals

Tabell som visar induktionsvärmeeffektivitetsnivåer för kolstål, rostfritt stål, mässing, koppar och aluminium vid olika temperaturer, med effektivitetsgrader från 0,40 till 0,80

Fig. 2. Typical induction heater efficiency levels.The above values assume the use of enveloping multi-turn coils. Different coil designs may affect efficiency levels. For instance, the efficiency rate for copper is, because of the coil type normally used, usually 0.1-0.2.

Diagram som förklarar effektberäkning för induktionsvärmning av magnetiskt stål, inklusive vikt, temperaturökning, uppvärmningstid och formel för erforderlig generatoreffekt.

Power calculation

Example: Heating of magnetic steel

Selecting the right frequency

The choice of frequency is crucial when using induction heating, as frequency determines the heat’s penetration depth. Fig. 3 shows approximate frequencies for through-heating some common materials.

Teknisk referenstabell som visar rekommenderade frekvenser för induktionsvärmning från 50 Hz till 500 000 Hz för stål, mässing, koppar och aluminium för en rad olika arbetsstyckesdiametrar och temperaturer — Fig. 3. Some economically beneficial ranges of dimensions for common materials at different frequencies. The frequencies shown are approximate guides only. The shortest heating time for specific materials and dimensions is achieved by operating close to the lowest possible frequency limit.

Tre 3D-printade induktionsspolar i koppar med olika former placerade på en metallyta, utformade för precisionsuppvärmning i industriella tillämpningar

Quality is everyting

The induction coil, also known as an ‘inductor’, is essential to the induction heating process.

Learn more about induction coils

Try our coil selector

The induction coil. What it is.

The induction coil (also known as ‘inductor’, or ‘coil’), is one of the most important components in an induction heating system. It is also one of the most neglected and misunderstood.The problem is that too many people see the coil as little more than a copper tube through which cooling water and an alternating current are fed. But nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, a correctly designed and professionally made coil has a decisive impact in several areas.

Correct process outcomes

The heating patterns, temperatures and heat penetration depths achieved during an induction heating cycle are directly and profoundly influenced by the coil’s physical characteristics. A poorly designed or manufactured coil yields poor results.

Cost control

A professionally designed and manufactured coil that is properly maintained has a much longer and more productive working life than its amateurish counter parts. Also, a correctly built and maintained coil helps minimize waste.

Overall system efficiency

ENRX induction heating systems are designed to operate with ENRX coils. Using the correct coils means significant long-term savings.

A crash course in coils

Designing and making induction coils is not easy. Here are just three of the many challenges that need to be overcome in order to make safe, efficient coils.

Through-flow rate

It is critical to achieve adequate flow of cooling water through the coil. This is especially true with high-power density coils, as low through-flow results in insufficient thermal transference. A booster pump may also be needed to maintain the desired flow. Good designers specify a purity level for the water, in order to minimize corrosion on the inside of the coil.

Magnetic flux concentrators

Concentrators focus the current in the coil area facing the workpiece. Without them, much of the magnetic flux may propagate around the coil. This flux could engulf adjacent conductive components. But, when concentrated, the flux is restricted to precise areas of the workpiece. Concentrators are made from laminations, or from pure ferrites and ferrite- or iron-based powders. Each material has its own pros and cons.

Laminations have the highest flux densities and magnetic permeability, and are less expensive than iron- and ferrite-based powders. Laminations are however stamped to a few standardized sizes and are therefore less flexible. They are also labour intensive to mount.
Pure ferrites can provide outstanding magnetic permeability. But they suffer from low saturation flux density, and their brittleness makes them difficult to machine.
Iron powders are easy to shape, offer high flux densities, and are easy to shape. However, care must be taken to protect against overheating, as internal losses or heat transfer from the heated workpiece mean such powders have a relatively low working temperature.

Impedance matching

It is necessary to achieve the correct impedance matching between the coil and the power source in order to use the latter’s full power. The designer must also consider that coils need five to ten times as much reactive as active power.

Customized induction coils

Single-turn, flexible, multi-turn cylindrical, left-turn, right-turn, rod-shaped, hair-pin, parallel, ear-shaped, new, reconditioned, tiny, big, unbelievably enormous. Conventional, machined, 3D printed or hybrid. At ENRX we design and make practically every type of coil imaginable.

Some amazing facts about induction heating

ENRX-Minac-Mobile-Inductin-Heating-Equipment

Using an ENRX mobile converter, you can heat 1 kg of steel from 20°C to 800°C in five seconds flat. That’s a speed-of-temperature increase of 160°C per second.

Karossdel genomgår induktionslimning i en högteknologisk monteringsstation för fordon från ENRX

Induction heating is ten times more efficient than conventional ovens at curing the adhesives in automobile hoods. To cure one hood normally requires 220 kWs. As induction heating uses 340 kWs from the mains net, efficiency is 65%. Conventional ovens use something in the range of 4,000 kWs per hood, resulting in an efficiency of only 5.5%.

ENRX induktionsvärmebehandling och härdning av kamaxelns yta

An ENRX frequency converter with an output power of 100 kW can harden a 60 mm diameter shaft to a depth of 2 mm (800°C at 2 mm) with a feeding speed of 1 m per minute.

Do you want to know more about induction?

Check out our articles below. They will give you a deep dive into the exiting world of induction and how it might benefit your industry and solutions.